Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066

1. Introduction to Nickel 200 / Alloy 200‌

Nickel 200 (Alloy 200/UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066) represents one of the purest commercially available nickel alloys, containing a minimum of 99.0% nickel. Manufactured by KCM SPECIAL STEEL (KCMSS), this material offers exceptional corrosion resistance and thermal stability across various industrial applications.

Nickel 200 (Alloy 200/UNS N02200 / DIN 2.4066) is a commercially pure wrought nickel that offers excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Manufactured by KCM SPECIAL STEEL (KCMSS), Alloy 200 pipes, tubes, and fittings are widely used in chemical processing, food handling, and other demanding industrial applications due to their exceptional performance in reducing and neutral environments.

Nickel 200 pipe (Alloy 200/UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066) is a commercially pure (≥99.0% Ni) seamless or welded tubing, conforming to ASTM B163/ASME SB163 standards. It exhibits high corrosion resistance in alkaline/neutral solutions and retains mechanical stability below 600°C. Typical applications include chemical processing and high-purity fluid transport.

Nickel 200 pipe fittings (UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066) are forged or machined components (elbows, tees, couplings) conforming to ASME B16.11 for socket weld/threaded connections in small-bore piping (≤2″ NPS). They maintain ≥99.0% Ni purity for corrosion resistance in alkaline/chemical services.

Nickel 200 flange (UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066) is a commercially pure (≥99.0% Ni) forged or machined component conforming to ‌ASME B16.5/B16.47‌ for standard/large-diameter piping systems, or ‌ASTM B366‌ for specialty fittings. It exhibits high corrosion resistance in alkaline/chemical services and maintains mechanical stability below 600°C. Typical applications include chemical processing and high-purity fluid transport systems.

‌1.1 Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings (UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066) Key Characteristics‌

• Outstanding corrosion resistance in reducing environments
• Excellent mechanical properties from cryogenic to elevated temperatures
• Good thermal and electrical conductivity
• Non-magnetic properties below 360°C (680°F)

‌2. Alloy 200 Pipe and Fittings Material Specifications‌

‌2.1 UNS N02200 Pipe and Fittings (Alloy200/Nickel 200/2.4066)Chemical Composition‌

Element	Composition (%)	ASTM Specification
Nickel	≥99.0	B160, B161, B162
Carbon	≤0.15
Iron	≤0.40
Manganese	≤0.35
Sulfur	≤0.01

‌2.2 DIN 2.4066 Pipe and Fittings (Alloy200/Nickel 200/UNS N02200)Physical Properties‌

Property	Value
Density (g/cm³)	8.89 (1-2% variance)
Melting Range (°C)	1435-1446
Thermal Conductivity	70 W/m·K at 20°C
Electrical Resistivity	0.096 µΩ·m at 20°C

Transition: These fundamental properties make Nickel 200 particularly suitable for demanding industrial applications.

‌3. Product Range by KCM SPECIAL STEEL

Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Tube and Pipe UNS N02200 2.4066 Supplier/Manufacturer in China, Top Rated and ISO Certified-KCM Special Steel Co.,Ltd, Inquiry us Now to Get Good price.

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‌3.1 Nickel 200 Pipes/Tubes (Alloy 200/UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066) ‌

‌Alloy 200 Pipe Specifications (Alloy 200/UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066):‌

• Standards: ASTM B161, B725, B829
• Sizes: 1/8″ to 24″ nominal diameter
• Wall Thickness: Schedule 5S to XXS
• Manufacturing: Seamless and welded options

‌Nickel 200 Tube Specifications (Alloy 200/UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066): ‌

• Standards: ASTM B163, B730
• Outer Diameter: 3/8″ to 12″
• Wall Thickness: 0.028″ to 0.5″

‌3.2 Nickel 200 Pipe Fittings Alloy 200/UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066‌

KCMSS supplies complete ranges of:

• Elbows (45°, 90°, 180°)
• Tees (straight and reducing)
• Reducers (concentric and eccentric)
• Caps and Stub Ends
• Cross

Alloy 200 Nickel 200 Pipe Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Supplier/Manufacturer in China,Contact KCMSS for More Details and Get Discount Price with high quality,high perfomance, fast delivery, good price and good service after sale.

‌Technical Data for Fittings:‌

Parameter	Specification
Pressure Rating	Class 150 to 2500
Standards	ASME B16.9, B16.11, B16.28
End Connections	Butt-weld, Socket-weld

‌3.3 Nickel 200 Flanges Alloy 200/UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066

‌Alloy 200 Flange Types:‌

• Weld Neck Flanges
• Slip-On Flanges
• Blind Flanges
• Lap Joint Flanges
• Thread
• Socket Weld

‌Flange Specifications:‌

Feature	Detail
Standards	ASME B16.5, B16.47
Pressure Classes	150# to 2500#
Face Types	RF, FF, RTJ
Sizes	1/2″ to 60″

‌4. Mechanical Properties‌

‌4.1 Room Temperature Properties‌

Property	Typical Value	ASTM Standard
Tensile Strength	462 MPa (67 ksi)	B160
Yield Strength	148 MPa (21.5 ksi)
Elongation	47%
Hardness (Rockwell B)	65 HRB

‌4.2 Elevated Temperature Properties‌

Temperature (°C)	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Yield Strength (MPa)
200	420	110
400	380	95
600	310	80

Transition: These mechanical characteristics demonstrate the alloy’s stability across a wide temperature range.

‌5. Corrosion Resistance‌

Nickel 200 exhibits excellent resistance to:

• Caustic alkalis (NaOH, KOH)
• Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)
• Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄)
• Chlorine and chloride solutions

‌Corrosion Rates in Selected Media:‌

Medium	Concentration	Temperature	Corrosion Rate (mm/year)
NaOH	50%	90°C	<0.05
HCl	10%	25°C	0.15
H₂SO₄	10%	50°C	0.30

‌6. Fabrication and Welding‌

‌6.1 Forming‌

• Hot working temperature range: 650-1230°C
• Cold working requires intermediate annealing
• Excellent ductility permits severe forming operations

‌6.2 Welding‌

• Recommended processes: GTAW (TIG), GMAW (MIG)
• Filler metals: ENi-1 (AWS A5.11)
• Preheat not required for most applications
• Post-weld heat treatment generally unnecessary

‌7. Applications‌

‌7.1 Chemical Processing‌

• Caustic soda evaporators
• Chlor-alkali production
• Organic chemical synthesis

‌7.2 Food and Pharmaceutical‌

• Food processing equipment
• Pharmaceutical manufacturing
• Fatty acid handling

‌7.3 Other Industries‌

• Aerospace components
• Marine engineering
• Nuclear fuel processing

‌8. Standards and Certifications‌

KCM SPECIAL STEEL products comply with:

• ASTM standards (B160, B161, B162, B163)
• ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
• DIN 2.4066 specifications
• PED 2014/68/EU
• NACE MR0175/ISO 15156

‌9. Quality Assurance‌

KCMSS maintains strict quality control through:

• 100% material traceability
• Third-party inspection available
• Full material test certificates
• Non-destructive testing (RT, UT, PT, MT)

‌10. Conclusion‌

Nickel 200 (UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066) piping components from KCM SPECIAL STEEL provide reliable performance in corrosive and high-temperature environments. With comprehensive product offerings including pipes, tubes, fittings, and flanges, KCMSS delivers high-quality nickel alloy solutions for critical industrial applications. The material’s unique combination of corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and fabricability makes it indispensable for chemical processing, food production, and other demanding sectors.

‌Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings (UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066) – Industrial Case Studies‌

‌1. Introduction to Case Studies‌

This technical report presents three detailed case studies demonstrating the successful application of Alloy 200 piping components supplied by KCM SPECIAL STEEL (KCMSS) in demanding industrial environments. Each case study includes performance data, installation specifics, and long-term results.

‌2. Case Study 1: Caustic Soda Evaporator System‌

‌2.1 Project Background‌

A major chemical plant in Germany required replacement piping for their 50% NaOH evaporator system operating at 120°C. Previous carbon steel components failed within 6 months due to severe caustic corrosion.

‌2.2 Solution Implementation‌

KCMSS supplied:

• ‌Alloy 200 pipes‌: 4″ to 12″ diameter, Schedule 40
• ‌Nickel 200 fittings‌: 90° elbows, reducers, and tees
• ‌UNS N02200 flanges‌: Class 300 RF

‌Material Performance Data:‌

Parameter	Carbon Steel	Alloy 200
Corrosion Rate	5.2 mm/year	0.01 mm/year
Service Life	6 months	8+ years
Maintenance Cost	$38,000/yr	$2,500/yr

‌2.3 Results‌

The system has operated without failure for 9 years, demonstrating Nickel 200’s exceptional resistance to hot caustic solutions.

‌3. Case Study 2: Aerospace Fuel Handling System‌

‌3.1 Challenge‌

A U.S. aerospace manufacturer needed tubing for hydrazine fuel transfer with:

• Cryogenic capability (-196°C)
• Ultra-high purity requirements
• Vibration resistance

‌3.2 KCMSS Solution‌

• ‌DIN 2.4066 tubes‌: 3/8″ to 2″ OD, 0.035″ wall
• Special electropolished interior finish
• Helical expansion joints for vibration

‌Mechanical Performance:‌

Test	Result	Specification
Burst Pressure	18,500 psi	15,000 psi
Low-Temp Impact	45 J at -196°C	27 J required
Surface Roughness	8 μin Ra	15 μin max

‌3.3 Outcome‌

The system achieved 100% reliability through 5,000+ thermal cycles and 12 years of service.

‌4. Case Study 3: Offshore Gas Scrubber‌

‌4.1 Operating Conditions‌

• Location: North Sea platform
• Medium: Wet CO₂/H₂S gas
• Temperature: 40-80°C
• Pressure: 1,500 psi

‌4.2 Material Selection‌

KCMSS provided:

• ‌Alloy 200 pipe‌: 8″ to 16″, Sch 80
• ‌Nickel 200 flange‌: Class 1500 RTJ
• ‌UNS 02200 pipe fittings‌: Full system

‌Corrosion Comparison:‌

Material	Corrosion Rate	Cost per Meter
316L SS	0.8 mm/year	$220
Alloy 200	0.02 mm/year	$380
Duplex 2205	0.15 mm/year	$310

‌4.3 Long-Term Performance‌

After 7 years:

• Zero wall thickness loss measured
• No stress corrosion cracking
• Maintenance savings of $1.2 million

‌5. Technical Analysis‌

‌5.1 Why Alloy 200 Performs‌

• ‌Purity‌: 99.0%+ nickel content
• ‌Density‌: 8.89 g/cm³ (1-2% variance)
• ‌Crystal Structure‌: FCC at all temperatures

‌5.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis‌

Factor	Advantage	Quantifiable Benefit
Lifetime	5-10× longer	60-80% TCO reduction
Downtime	90% reduction	$450k/yr savings
Safety	No leaks	Zero incidents

‌6. Conclusion‌

These case studies demonstrate that KCM SPECIAL STEEL’s Alloy 200 piping components deliver unmatched performance in corrosive, cryogenic, and high-pressure applications. The combination of material purity, proper fabrication, and rigorous quality control results in systems that outlast alternatives while reducing total cost of ownership.

Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings (UNS N02200 2.4066) – Complete FAQ Guide‌

‌1. Material Fundamentals‌

‌Q1: What is Alloy 200/Nickel 200?‌

Alloy 200 (UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066) is a commercially pure wrought nickel (99.0% min) known for:

• Excellent mechanical properties from cryogenic to elevated temperatures
• Outstanding resistance to caustic alkalis
• Good thermal, electrical, and magnetostrictive properties

‌Composition Comparison:‌

Element	Alloy 200	Nickel 201
Ni	99.0% min	99.0% min
C	0.15 max	0.02 max
Fe	0.40 max	0.40 max

‌Q2: Why choose KCM SPECIAL STEEL for Alloy 200 components?‌

KCMSS provides:

• Full traceability from melt to final product
• Complete product range (pipes, tubes, fittings, flanges)
• Custom fabrication capabilities
• Certified to ASME SB-160/161/366/564

‌2. Product Specifications‌

‌Q3: What dimensional standards are available?‌

KCMSS manufactures to:

• ‌Pipes/Tubes‌: ASTM B161, B163, B725
• ‌Fittings‌: ASME B16.9, B16.11
• ‌Flanges‌: ASME B16.5, B16.47

‌Size Ranges:‌

Product	Size Range	Wall Thickness
Alloy 200 pipe	1/8″ to 24″ NB	SCH 5S to XXS
Nickel 200 tube	1/8″ to 6″ OD	0.028″ to 0.5″
DIN 2.4066 flange	1/2″ to 60″	Class 150-2500

‌3. Technical Performance‌

‌Q4: How does Alloy 200 perform in corrosive environments?‌

‌Corrosion Resistance Data:‌

Medium	Concentration	Temp (°C)	Rate (mm/year)
HCl	10%	30	0.38
NaOH	50%	100	<0.01
H₂SO₄	5%	50	0.15
Seawater	–	25	<0.002

‌Q5: What are the mechanical properties?‌

‌Room Temperature Properties:‌

Property	Value	ASTM Standard
Tensile Strength	55 ksi min	B160
Yield Strength	15 ksi min	B160
Elongation	40% min	B160
Hardness	65 HRB max	B160

‌4. Fabrication & Installation‌

‌Q6: What welding methods are recommended?‌

Preferred techniques:

• GTAW (TIG) with ENi-1 filler
• PAW for thick sections
• EB welding for precision joints

‌Welding Parameters:‌

Parameter	Range	Notes
Preheat	Not required	–
Interpass Temp	150°C max	–
Heat Input	1.2 kJ/mm max	–

‌Q7: How to handle and store Alloy 200 pipes?‌

Critical guidelines:

• Separate from carbon steels
• Use plastic caps on pipe ends
• Store indoors on wooden racks
• Clean with nickel-compatible solvents

‌5. Applications‌

‌Q8: Where is Alloy 200 typically used?‌

Primary industries:

• ‌Chemical Processing‌: Evaporators, reactors
• ‌Aerospace‌: Fuel systems, cryogenic components
• ‌Pharma‌: CIP systems, ultra-pure fluid handling
• ‌Energy‌: FGD systems, brine processing

‌Industry-Specific Standards:‌

Industry	Applicable Standard
Oil & Gas	NACE MR0175
Pharmaceutical	ASME BPE
Food	FDA 21 CFR 175.300

‌6. Purchasing Considerations‌

‌Q9: What certifications does KCMSS provide?‌

Standard certifications:

• Mill Test Certificates (EN 10204 3.1/3.2)
• NACE MR0175 compliance
• PED 2014/68/EU
• ASME Section VIII Div.1

‌Q10: What’s the lead time for orders?‌

Typical production times:

Product Type	Standard Lead Time
Stock items	1-2 weeks
Custom pipes	6-8 weeks
Special fittings	8-10 weeks

‌7. Maintenance & Lifecycle‌

‌Q11: How to inspect Alloy 200 systems?‌

Recommended practices:

• Annual UT thickness surveys
• Visual inspection for crevice corrosion
• PMI verification after repairs
• Hydrotest every 5 years

‌Inspection Checklist:‌

Item	Method	Frequency
Wall Thickness	Ultrasonic	Annual
Weld Integrity	Dye Penetrant	Biannual
Surface Condition	Visual	Quarterly

‌Q12: What’s the expected service life?‌

Typical lifespan estimates:

Application	Service Life	Failure Mode
Caustic Service	15-20 years	General thinning
Cryogenic	20+ years	Fatigue
Acid Handling	8-12 years	Pitting

‌8. Comparative Analysis‌

‌Q13: How does Alloy 200 compare to alternatives?‌

‌Material Selection Matrix:‌

Criteria	Alloy 200	316L	Hastelloy C276
Caustic Resistance	Excellent	Poor	Good
Cost	$$$	$	$$$$
Fabrication	Moderate	Easy	Difficult
Cryogenic Toughness	Excellent	Good	Fair

‌9. Special Considerations‌

‌Q14: Are there temperature limitations?‌

Key temperature thresholds:

• ‌Continuous Service‌: -200°C to +315°C
• ‌Short-term Exposure‌: Up to 425°C
• ‌Annealing Range‌: 705-925°C

‌Q15: What about thermal expansion?‌

‌Thermal Properties:‌

Temp Range (°C)	Expansion Coefficient (μm/m·°C)
20-100	13.3
20-200	14.2
20-300	14.9

‌10. Conclusion‌

This comprehensive FAQ covers all critical aspects of specifying, procuring, and maintaining Alloy 200/Nickel 200 piping systems from KCM SPECIAL STEEL. With proper material selection and installation, these components deliver decades of reliable service in demanding applications.

‌Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings (UNS N02200 2.4066) – Technical Summary‌

‌Introduction to Nickel Alloy 200 Components‌

Nickel 200 (UNS N02200/DIN 2.4066) represents the purest commercially available nickel alloy, exhibiting exceptional performance across industrial applications. This summary examines the complete technical profile of pipes, tubes, and fittings manufactured by KCM SPECIAL STEEL (KCMSS), a leading producer with four decades of nickel alloy expertise.

‌1. Material Fundamentals‌

‌1.1 Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Composition and Metallurgy‌

‌Chemical Composition (%)‌

Element	Min	Max	Notes
Ni	99.0	–	Balance
C	–	0.15	Impacts weldability
Fe	–	0.40	Impurity control
Mn	–	0.35	Deoxidizer
Si	–	0.35	Flow characteristics
Cu	–	0.25	Electrical properties

Remarkably, this composition delivers:

• 3x better thermal conductivity than stainless steels
• 40% higher electrical resistivity vs. copper alloys
• Near-zero magnetic permeability (<1.01 μ)

‌1.2 Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Physical Properties‌

‌Comparative Physical Data‌

Property	Alloy 200	304SS	Copper
Density (g/cm³)	8.89	8.00	8.96
CTE (μm/m°C)	13.3	17.2	16.5
Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K)	70	16	401
Electrical Resistivity (μΩ·cm)	9.6	72	1.7

Notably, the density variation remains within 1-2% across product forms.

‌2. Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Product Specifications‌

‌2.1 Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Dimensional Standards‌

‌KCMSS Manufacturing Standards‌

Product Type	ASTM	ASME	DIN	EN
Alloy 200 pipe	B161	SB-161	2.4066	NW4400
Nickel 200 tube	B163	SB-163	2.4066	NW4400
UNS N02200 fittings	B366	SB-366	2.4066	10253-4
DIN 2.4066 flange	B564	SB-564	2.4066	1092-1

‌2.2 Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Size Ranges and Tolerances‌

‌Production Capabilities‌

Product	Size Range	Wall Thickness	Length
Pipe	1/8″-24″ NB	SCH 5S-XXS	6m max
Tube	1/8″-6″ OD	0.028″-0.5″	12m max
Fittings	1/8″-24″	Matching pipe sch	–
Flanges	1/2″-60″	Class 150-2500	–

Precision tolerances:

• OD: ±0.8%
• WT: +20%/-10%
• Straightness: <1.5mm/m

‌3. Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Mechanical Performance‌

‌3.1 Strength Characteristics‌

‌Temperature-Dependent Properties‌

Temp (°C)	Tensile (MPa)	Yield (MPa)	Elongation (%)
-196	790	240	45
20	462	148	47
200	410	125	40
315	380	110	35

Remarkably, the alloy maintains 85% of room temperature strength at 315°C.

‌3.2 Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Fatigue and Fracture‌

‌Cyclic Loading Data‌

Condition	Fatigue Limit (MPa)	Cycles to Failure
Air @ RT	240	1×10⁷
3% NaCl	210	1×10⁷
50% NaOH	260	1×10⁷

‌4. Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Corrosion Resistance‌

‌4.1 Chemical Compatibility‌

‌Corrosion Rates (mm/year)‌

Medium	Conc.	20°C	50°C	100°C
HCl	10%	0.38	1.20	8.50
H₂SO₄	5%	0.15	0.80	3.20
NaOH	50%	<0.01	<0.01	0.02
HF	10%	0.25	1.80	12.00

Exceptionally, it shows <0.05 mm/year in boiling 50% NaOH solutions.

‌4.2 Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 for Special Environments‌

‌Performance in Challenging Media‌

• Molten salts: Excellent up to 600°C
• Dry chlorine gas: Resistant below 315°C
• Fluorine compounds: Limited resistance
• Mercury: Highly resistant

‌5. Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Fabrication Techniques‌

‌5.1 Welding Procedures‌

‌Recommended Parameters‌

Method	Filler	Current	Gas Shield	Post-Weld HT
GTAW	ENi-1	DCEN	Argon	Not required
PAW	ENi-1	DCEN	Ar/H₂	Optional
SMAW	ENi-1	DCEP	–	Not required

‌5.2 Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Machining Guidelines‌

‌Cutting Parameters‌

Operation	Speed (m/min)	Feed (mm/rev)	Depth (mm)
Turning	30-45	0.15-0.25	2-5
Drilling	10-15	0.05-0.12	–
Milling	25-35	0.10-0.20	1-3

‌6. Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Quality Assurance‌

‌6.1 Testing Protocols‌

‌Standard Inspection Methods‌

Test	Standard	Acceptance Criteria
PMI	ASTM E1476	±5% of specified
UT	ASME V	No indications >DAC
RT	ASME V	2-2T sensitivity
Hydro	B31.3	1.5× design pressure

‌6.2 Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066 Quality Compliance‌

‌KCMSS Documentation‌

• Mill Test Certificates per EN 10204 3.1/3.2
• NACE MR0175/MR0103 compliance
• PED 2014/68/EU Annex I compliance
• ASME Section IX welding qualifications

‌7.Alloy 200/Nickel 200 Pipe and Fittings UNS N02200 2.4066  Applications‌

‌7.1 Industry-Specific Uses‌

‌Sector Applications‌

Industry	Components	Service Conditions
Chemical	Reactors, evaporators	50% NaOH @ 150°C
Aerospace	Fuel lines, actuators	Cryogenic to 300°C
Energy	Brine heaters, FGD	pH 2-12, 80°C
Pharma	CIP systems, fermenters	Ultra-pure, sterile

‌7.2 Case Study: Caustic Soda Plant‌

‌20-Year Performance Data‌

Parameter	Initial	After 20 Years
Wall Thickness	5.54mm	5.32mm
Surface Roughness	0.8μm	1.2μm
Leak Incidents	0	0

‌8. Economic Considerations‌

‌8.1 Lifecycle Cost Analysis‌

‌20-Year Total Cost Comparison ($/linear foot)‌

Material	Initial	Maintenance	Replacement	Total
316L SS	120	450	600	1170
Alloy 200	210	80	0	290
Titanium	580	120	0	700

‌Conclusion‌

This comprehensive technical summary demonstrates why Alloy 200/Nickel 200 remains the material of choice for critical applications requiring pure nickel’s unique properties. KCM SPECIAL STEEL‘s manufacturing expertise ensures reliable performance across the complete range of pipes, tubes, and fittings.